Essay on The Fear of Fat Criterion Within the DSM IV

As our society is bombarded with the images of manufactured beauty and â€Å"thinness†, conversations increasingly center on dieting and body dissatisfaction. The media advertises weight loss products in the form of pills, drinks, surgery, fitness equipment and support groups to mold individuals into the proposed ideal form. This evidence alone suggests a strong case for the possibility of a pathological fear of fat. Is this fear, however, the driving force behind all cases of anorexia nervosa and bulimia? According to the DSM IV, the fear of gaining weight is essential for these diagnoses to be made. Strong arguments have been made both in favor and against modifying the existing criteria to allow for the diagnosis and†¦show more content†¦To observe the impact of culture on attitudes towards eating and perception of body shape, Lake, Staiger and Glowinski (1999) conducted a study using 140 female students from 2 Australian universities. The students were divid ed into 2 groups – those who were born in Australia (98) and those who were born in Hong Kong (42). The Students born in Hong Kong were further divided into 2 groups – a weak Chinese ethnic identity group (Western acculturized) and a strong Chinese ethnic identity group (Traditional) using the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS). All subjects were given the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), a commonly used and well-validated measure (Garner et. al 1979; Garner et. al 1982), to assess attitudes towards eating. The Figure Rating Scale (FRS), used in similar research due to its high test-retest reliability (Thompson et. al, 1991), was used to determine perception of body shape. The scores from these tests were then compared with the subjects’ cultural orientation. The results showed significantly higher scores on the EAT (indicating more negative attitudes toward eating) in the traditional Hong Kong born subjects than that of their acculturized counterparts, while the acculturized Hong Kong born subjects’ scores were significantly lower than those of the Australian born subjects. In other words, between groups (Hong Kong born v. Australian born) there was no significant difference, butShow MoreRelatedEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1622 Words   |  7 Pagesmust meet certain criteria. The criterion for diagnosis slightly varies depending on if you are referring to people who (A) fear gaining weight, and have significant weight loss,(B) eating a huge amount of food , then use laxative to remove the binged food, (C) the use of excessive exercise and fasting in order to remove or to reduce the amount of calories consumed, and (D) distorted body image, no matter how thin they become, they still see themselves as fat, or not thin enough. The onset ofRead MoreBackground History of Anorexia Nervosa1452 Words   |  6 PagesMental Disorders DSM-I, characterized by restricting on food intake even they are starving, always have a false appearance of their body shape although extremely thin (Kazdin, 2000). The latest Eating Disorder Diagnostic Criteria from DSM 5 has revised from DSM IV-TR in 2013. The important changes in the Criterion A part to be at a refusal to maintain at a â€Å"significantly low body weight† instead of the broad term â€Å"body weight less than 85% of that expected. Moreover, the Criterion in B had expandedRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 Pagesand physical health. According to American Psychiatric Publishing of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa, often times have an early-onset which primarily affects adolescent girls and young women, is characterized by distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with a pathological fear of becoming fat† (APA). Anorexia is a condition more common amongst younger patients that causes a disruption in the normal growth process,Read MoreAnorexia And Anorexia Are Often Confused Amongst Humans1956 Words   |  8 Pageswho are anorexic may just have a fear to eat based on their body figures. However, many confuse the two due to the similar meanings of body weight. This paper will analyze observations from different research studies that show’s various treatment outcomes, symptoms, behavioral interventions and causations for adolescent patients who have experienced bulimia and anorexia throughout the course of their life. Being bulimic and anorexic has many complications within adolescents and adults. As far asRead MorePsy 410 Week 2 and 3 Matrix of Disorders7746 Words   |  31 PagesAnxiety, Mood, and Dissociative Disorder Matrix Abnormal Psychology Disorders | DSM-IV-TR Criteria | Examination of Classifications and Symptoms | A. Anxiety Disorders: | | | 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about two (or more) domains of activities or events (for example, domains like family, health, finances, and school/work difficulties)B. The excessive anxiety and worry occur on more days than not for three months or more

Analyze the events or factors that you believe were the...

Analyze the events or factors that you believe were the most significant causes of the Reign of Terror. This essay peels through the layers of the remarkable years from 1789 through to 1794 to explore the catalysts of that period of the French Revolution characterized by political repression and widespread violence known as la Terreur, or, The Reign of Terror. The French Revolution, which initially saw an overthrow of the dictatorship of Louis XVI, was a period of time when France descended into a stage of political purges and indiscriminate martial law where many innocent civilians were killed. This essay investigates the causes for this unfortunate turn in the trajectory of the revolution. These causes are the storming of Bastille, the†¦show more content†¦After overthrowing the monarchy there was a perception, fuelled by their opponents the Jacobins that the Girondins wished to halt the democratic progress of the revolution now that they had achieved their own political goals.9 Evidence for this lies in the fact that the Girondins did not want King Louis to be tried. The Ja cobins, however, relying on the support of the fervent and militant Parisian laborers, the sans-culottes10, insisted upon this though the Girondins tried to save the Kings life. This, combined with a growing perception that they were too vacillating slowly alienated from the other major power brokers in the city. The key to the Girondins falling from power was their capacity to alienate the Parisian populace. Maximilian Robespierre, a prominent Jacobin politician who had been in favor of more radical democratic reforms and was in sympathy with the sans-cullottes, symbolizes the difference between the Girondin position and the more radical Jacobins. At the 1792 National Convention which met to agree on the policy and legislative platforms of the government, Robespierre launched a passionate attack on the Girondins – ‘You seemed to prefer power, and we equality.’ Robespierre went on to admonish the Girondins for their concern for policy and legality of commitment t o the principles of the revolution. Robespierre pointed out that liberty, under the old regime was illegal. ‘Citizens’ he said, ‘do you want a revolution without a revolution?Show MoreRelatedMotivation Factors in Dark Tourism13274 Words   |  54 PagesMotivation Factors in Dark Tourism Case: House of Terror LAHTI UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES The Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Degree Programme in Tourism and Hospitality Management Nature and Soft Adventure Tourism Bachelor’s thesis Spring 2010 Titta Niemelà ¤ Lahti University of Applied Sciences Degree Programme in Tourism and Hospitality Management NIEMELÄ, TITTA: Motivation Factors in Dark Tourism: Case: House of Terror Bachelor’s Thesis in Nature and Soft Adventure TourismRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pages-84743-4 (hardcover) There are some people who begin the Zoo at the beginning, called WAYIN, and walk as quickly as they can past every cage until they come to the one called WAYOUT, but the nicest people go straight to the animal they love the most, and stay there. —A. A. Milne, in the Introduction to Winnie-The-Pooh We dedicate this book to such people who are more interested in open fields than closed cages. CONTENTS Embarkation 1 And Over Here, Ladies and Gentlemen: The StrategicRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pageswould have thought that interest in mistakes would be so enduring? Many of you are past users, a few even for decades. I hope you will find this new edition a worthy successor to earlier editions. I think this may even be my best book. The new Google and Starbucks cases should arouse keen student interest, and may even inspire another generation of entrepreneurs. A fair number of the older cases have faced significant changes in the last few years, for better or for worse, and these we haveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Implementing Keith’s playbook will drive the development of high performance salespeople and superior results.’’ Kelly Carioti, Vice President of PepsiCo, Specialty and Self-Service Retail ‘‘There are very few good books published for sales managers and most of them are ï ¬ lled with biased ideology and

Samford Essay free essay sample

Some may say I am the product of my private school education. I’ve memorized the atomic masses of elements like oxygen (15.9994) and carbon (12.011), I understand the difference between the prophets Elijah and Elisha, and I am able to laugh at jokes about calculus terms like asymptotes (can’t touch that). Others may say I am an ideal student. I get upset when I’m sick and ruin my perfect attendance, I thrive in discussions about books and history’s what-ifs, and I like to compete with my friends on who can earn the most bonus points before a test. Throughout my four years of high school I have learned so much, yet my knowledge extends past textbooks and quizzes. High school has taught me how to interact with others, to overcome peer pressure, and to rise to the challenges of difficult tasks. Charles Dickens once said, â€Å"Whatever I have tried to do in life, I have tried with all my heart to do it well; whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself completely; in great aims and in small I have always thoroughly been in earnest. We will write a custom essay sample on Samford Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Through life experiences, I have come to understand what it means to be determined. Charles Dickens has always been one of my favorite story tellers. The ways his plots and subplots intertwine leave me unable to put his books down. Just like Pip’s story in Great Expectations, my life is filled with subplots, some even I could not have foreseen. During my freshman year of high school, my parents began to talk about moving. I thought nothing of it because most of the conversations would end in an agreement that the time was not right. So when my parents announced the plan to move further away from the city, I was a little taken aback. My childhood home is in Lawrenceville, Georgia, a convenient distance from my high school and most of my friends. My new home is in Gainesville, Georgia, a place freakishly far from my high school and all my friends. I didn’t want to switch high schools and since I attended a private school, my parents purchased me a car and I began to commute the 66 mile round trip journey to school and back. My grandma grew up on a farm in Centerburg, Ohio. She would tell me that every morning she would have to walk a mile in the snow, often in a dress, just to catch the school bus. I feel my story is the modern day version of walking a mile in the snow. Driving has taught me a lot about patience and determination. In driving, I’ve learned, arrogance will lead you into trouble, and if you’re patient with someone now you’re more likely to have someone be patient with you later. (Some call it karma.) Determination comes in during the early morning drives. Some mornings I barely want to get out of bed, let only drive 33 miles to school, but I always get up and go. Some of my life’s subplots have developed over a period of time. Growing up, I was an athlete. Soccer was my universe, and my time away from the field was filled with tennis matches, swim meets, horseback riding lessons, and maybe a piano l esson here and there. As high school approached, I slowly left those things behind either because I was not the star or my passion had waned. The void left behind was soon filled with a passion for theater. I had done musicals a time or two in elementary school, but I never had a spare moment to pursue it. In middle school, I began doing more plays, but it was in high school that my interest became a passion. In my junior year, I was selected to be part of my school’s competition one act play, The Anatomy of Gray, where I played the character Tiny. We practiced after school for two hours a day, four days a week, for four months. Some days we were left exhausted and stressed, but our director always made sure we had the right attitude at all times. Winning, he would say, is not our objective. As actors, it was our job to tell the story of the people we were playing. It is our job to move the audience with the story we have to tell. The story is our objective. After that, every play I participated in had a different meaning. That spring I played the nurse in Shakespeare’s classic Romeo and Juliet. I’ve probably read that play more than a handful of times, but with my director’s words in mind, the story had a different meaning. I always pictured the nurse as this crazy old lady who meddled in things that were over her head, but this time I was determined to look beyond the faA §ade. I wanted to know who this character really was; I wanted to learn her story. Romeo and Juliet is quite different from her point of view for the nurse is earnest in everything she does and says. By making the character my own, I was able to learn from her. The Nurse’s determination is not forced but simply earnest. After high school, college is supposed to be the next step, at least that is what I’ve been told all my life. As my graduation approaches, I’ve realized that college is my next step because I want it to be. Learning has alw ays been a passion of mine. Whether the topic is something for a test or simply information I can use in a conversation later, knowledge will always be something I treasure. Whether it’s in a car, on the stage, or in the classroom, I hope the next four years of my life will be filled with the same joy of learning that I have now.

Secret Life Of Walter Mitty Essays - Cinema Of The United States

Secret Life Of Walter Mitty The outline of the secret life of Walter Mitty The story is about Walter Mitty, a henpecked and daydreaming urban man, who often depends on daydreaming to escape real life. As the story begins, Walter Mitty is driving his wife to town for an appointment at a beauty shop. Triggered by the wild storm, he begins to imagine himself as the commander of a Navy hydroplane. He dreams that the plane is in trouble but the members of the crew have complete faith in his ability. One member of the crew says, The Old Man'll get us through. Mitty is brought back from this daydream by his wife's voice, as she says, Not so fast! You're driving too fast! What are you driving so fast for? His second daydream is activated by his wifes suggestion to see Dr. Renshaw and put on gloves. In the second daydream, he fancies that he is helping several famous physicians save a millionaire by fixing a complicated machine that no one in the East can fix. He even envisages that he finally acts as operator. He is pulled back into reality by the shouting of a parking-lot attendant. Annoyed by the embarrassment at the parking lot and the failure of his memory and stimulated by the shouting of a newsboy about the Waterbury trial, Mitty sets off the third daydream in which he is on trial for murder. In the trial, he accurately recalls and valiantly admits that he has killed Gregory Fitzhurst despite the efforts of his attorney to prove his innocence. He was aroused to reality by his subconscious murmuring of puppy biscuit and the laughing of a passing woman. Sitting into a big leather chair in the lobby, he starts his fourth daydream by looking at the pictures of bombing planes and of ruined streets in an old copy of Liberty. He fancies that he heroically volunteers to undertake a risky task of bombing the ammunition dump. His wifes sudden appearance and scolding him like a mother terminate his fantasy. Mitty sinks deeper and deeper into his secret life until he faces the firing squad. Here it is hard to judge what is real and what isnt. What is clear is that he is no longer a hero, but a little, helpless boy. Education Essays

Riots in Vancouver Essay Example

Riots in Vancouver Essay Example Riots in Vancouver Paper Riots in Vancouver Paper Essay Topic: Citizen Kane The term riot is often used in tandem with events like protests, rallies or marches. We think of people with common goals and/or grievances coming together to have their opinions and voices heard. Common themes include injustice, freedom and human rights. We can watch riots on the news on a near daily basis. Egypt is rioting for the end of an autocratic government, Syria is protesting the dictatorship of their President, and Greece is rioting for economic reform. These protests often begin with peaceful intentions but can lead to emotional flare-ups and violent outbursts. This moment is when a rally becomes a riot. Those who engage in such behaviours like acting out towards law enforcement, or damaging personal or public property can be considered deviant. These so called-deviants are going against the natural social order of things and disrupting society. Sometimes such deviant acts are considered malicious or criminal in nature and other times these same acts are considered heroic and for the â€Å"greater good† of society. It may become difficult to distinguish what constitutes a deviant act. For example, two people may engage in burning police cars but if one of those people is doing so in protest of civil war, society sees merit in his/her actions. If the second person is burning the police car in an alcohol-fueled rage against the loss of a hockey game, that person is seen as deviant and their actions are seen as criminal. This paper will focus on the Vancouver riots of the 2011 Stanley Cup finals. The main objective will be to take a sociological perspective in regards to crowd behaviour; the deviant act of rioting and the role social media is playing in response to Vancouver riots themselves. On Wednesday, June 15th 2011 in the city of Vancouver, hockey fans turned against the city in response to the 4-0 victory of the Boston Bruins over the Vancouver Canucks. Some 100,000 people crowded the streets of the downtown area to watch the Stanley cup game 7 finals and when the outcome was determined, a few so-called fans took their anger and disappointment out on cars, windows and each other. Damage was estimated at approximately $1. 3 million dollars and over 140 people were reported as injured (â€Å"A Tale,†2011). In an article by The Vancouver Sun, Vancouver’s police chief Jim Chu was reported saying that the riot was a result of young men and women disguised as Canucks fans who were actually criminals and anarchists† (Kane, 2011). Although there has been some backlash for how the police handled the riot, the Vancouver Police department had the riot under control within 3 hours of its outbreak. Canada has a long history with respect to riots and hockey. Win or lose, Canadians have found a reason to riot in response to Canada’s national pastime. The Globe and Mail presents a timeline for hockey riots in Canada. Beginning in 1955, when Montreal rioted after Maurice â€Å"Rocket† Richard was suspended and unable to play for the rest of the season. Habs fans took to the streets to protest the NHL decision and caused an estimated $100,000 in damage. Of the 8 riots mentioned in the timeline, Montreal was host to 5 of them. In 1994, Vancouver rioted in response to the loss of game 7 of the Stanley Cup finals to the New York Rangers. Approximately $1. 1 million dollars in damage, and over 200 injuries were reported. Edmonton has also rioted in the name of hockey, this time for a win. Edmontonians took to the streets of Whyte Avenue in celebration of the western conference win over the Anaheim Mighty Ducks. The celebration quickly changed its tune as members of the crowd began starting fires and looting from near by businesses. Clearly the relationship between rioting and hockey can be seen as a recurrent theme in Canadian sports history. The Vancouver riots of 2011 are not a new phenomenon. If past behaviour predicts future behaviour, then these riots will probably not be the last (â€Å"Hockey riots,† 2011). All riots must be considered as isolated events. Throughout the entire 2011 playoff series crowds of fans gathered in the streets to watch the games and cheer on their team without incident. In fact, Vancouver hosted the 2010 winter Olympics which boasted huge amounts of people crowding the streets without riots or altercation. To point a finger at all Canadians and say that we are unable to assemble in a crowd without issue would be ludicrous. The only thing that this particular riots can tell us is that a few â€Å"bad people† can ruin it for the rest of us. A few people made some poor choices and the city of Vancouver and its residents have to pay. On a positive note, crowds of people joined together the next day to clean up after the mess that these few individuals made. That speaks volumes about the kind of crowd behaviour that exists in Canada. Most sociological perspectives offer an interpretation of deviance and its causes. The most common approach to explaining deviance is probably conflict theory, stemming from the industrial revolution and Karl Marx (Plath, 2008, p. 2). Conflict theory, in brief, describes the tension between the ruling class and the working class within a capitalist society. Conflict arises between these groups because of the unequal division of wealth and power. This theory would posit that the oppressed peoples would eventually become aware of their oppression and revolt against those who oppress them (Barkan p14). The concept of two groups vying for power over one another does not seem to characterize the underlying causes of the Vancouver riots. Luke Plath, author of Anatomy of a Riot (2008) discusses how labeling theory coupled with law enforcement presence can lead to violent, unplanned outbursts within a crowd (p. 2). First, labeling theory is the act of attaching a label to someone and then consequentially treating him/her according to that label. Often, people will internalize the labels they receive and begin to act in accordance with them (Bereska, 2011, p. 79). Plath (2008) mentions that the mere presence of police, even at a peaceful protest or gathering, can instigate the feelings of being treated like a criminal. If enough people in the crowd internalize this feeling of being seen as deviant by the eyes of the law, a peaceful gathering can soon escalate to a violent riot (p. ). The concept of collective behaviour can be incorporated into the discussion of deviant behaviour and its relation to rioting. Steve Barkan (2011) defines collective behaviour as â€Å"relatively spontaneous and relatively unstructured behaviour by large numbers of individuals acting with or being influenced by other individuals† (p. 458). Barkan (2011) discusses four main types of crowds: casual, conventional , expressive and acting. Casual and conventional crowds are more general and do not really detail collective behaviour or deviant acts by groups or individuals. Expressive crowds reflect a group of individuals who gather for a specific purpose and with emotionally expressive tendencies, like at a political rally. If an expressive crowd becomes too emotionally charged, it may progress into an acting crowd and engage in violent, destructive behaviour (p. 459). The word riot can stir up many negative connotations. One definition of a riot is a relatively spontaneous outburst of violence by a large group of people (Barkan, 2011, p. 460). According to the previously stated definitions and oncepts, it would appear that before a riot occurs, the right type of crowd must assemble, under the right type of condition and must include the right individuals who are influenced easily by others. Contagion and Convergence theories can also be used to posit on the cause of deviant behaviour resulting in acts of riot. Contagion theory, made popular by Gustave le Bon, states that individuals are rational on their own but in crowds, individuals can get carried away in the mob mentality and act irrationally and sometimes violent. As a result people engage in collective behaviour and are influenced by the others around them (Barkan, 2011, p. 64). Convergent theory, on the other hand, implies that crowds are not the cause of irrational behaviour but rather, the people within the crowd is what causes the behaviour. Basically, convergent theory says that people with like minds and attitudes will converge together and form a crowd that may act in deviant or destructive ways (Barkan, 2011, p. 464). Contagion and convergence theories provide a framework for analyzing what happens when people in groups become agitated and the snowball effect that can precipitate a full blown riot. However, these theories fail to address the tipping point that causes groups dynamic to shift from peaceful to violent. Through the process of deindividuation, people act out behaviours in a group setting that are not consistent with how they would act alone (Bhatia, 2011). The accountability of one individual is blurred by the crowd, which can encourage people to act impulsively and destructively (Handwerk, 2005). Combine anonymity, adrenaline fueled sports fans with alcohol and the outcome could be a disaster. Brian Handwerk describes the psychology behind being a sports fan as an identity and a social network for people to belong to (â€Å"Sports Riots,† 2005). This concept can easily apply to mob mentality as well, joining a group of rioters is a way to fit in and be apart of something larger then one’s self. Sometime the need to belong can blur our moral codes of right and wrong. A deviant act is only deviant as long as the power’s that be says it is. To avoid creating a riot culture without repercussion the Vancouver Police Department needs to find those responsible and make public examples of them fast. If not, The Vancouver Police have the tough job ahead of them to find and charge those involved in the riots. A task that at one time would have been nearly impossible is gaining some help from photos, videos and the Internet. Social media outlets like Facebook and twitter are being employed in an effort to identify the culprits. The Vancouver police have asked citizens to come forward and anonymously provide video footage and photos of the riot in hopes that it will lead to arrests (Bolan 2001). Facebook groups have been set up so that people can join and hopefully identify some of the people in the photos. In reality, those that participated in the riots will likely go unpunished. However, the social outcry by the public via the Internet and other media is new form of punishment. The Internet has become a forum for people to speak their minds indirectly to these rioting â€Å"hockey fans† and hopefully the guilt and shame will be lesson enough. As a native Vancouverite and a Canuck fan, it is embarrassing to watch history repeat itself and all for a hockey game. The riot was not in protest of a tyrannical dictator, or to bring public awareness to the needs of impoverished children, it was far less important then that. The Vancouver riots were an embarrassing moment, caught on camera and seen around the world. All the sociological theorizing in the world could not make sense of it, nor justify it. It was not due to strain or frustration between opposing classes, it was not due to a learned behaviour or a label placed upon these people. If you look at the pictures of those involved, you will see a handful of adolescents and young adults making poor decisions and demonstrating a lack of respect and pride in themselves, their hockey team and their country A Tale of two riots. (2011). Retrieved on July 31, 2011 from cbc. ca/news/canada/story/2011/06/16/f-vancouver-riot-1994-2011. html Kane, Laura and Kelly Sinoski. (2011) Vancouver top cop blames Stanley Cup riots on ‘anarchists’. Retrieved on July 31, 2011 from vancouversun. com/sports/Vancouver+blames+Stanley+riot+anarchists/4957678/story. html Brakan, Steve. (2001). Sociology: Understanding and changing the social world. Retrieved from flatworldknowledge. com/pub/1. 0/sociology-understanding-and-ch/364149#pdf-469 Retrieved on July 31, 2011 Bereska, Tami M. (2011). Deviance, Conformity and Social control in Canada. Toronto, ON: Pearson Canada Inc. Plath, Luke. (2008). Anatomy of a riot. Retrieved on July 31, 2011 from associatedcontent. com/article/701217/anatomy_of_a_riot_pg3. html? cat=17 Hockey riots throughout Canadian history. (2011). Retrieved from theglobeandmail. com/news/national/british-columbia/hockey-riots-throughout-canadian-history/article2064096. Retrieved on July 31, 2011. Handwerk, Brian. (2005). Sports riots: The Psychology of sports mayhem. Retrieved on July 31, 2011 from http://news. ationalgeographic. com/news/2005/06/0620_050620_sportsriots_2. html Bhatia, Maneet. (2011). Reflecting on Vancouver: Why do people riot?. Retrieved on July 31, 2011 from http://psychstateofmind. com/2011/06/17/reflecting-on-vancouver-why-do-people-riot/ Bolan, Kim. (2011). Vancouver Police want your riot video and photos. Retrieved on July 31, 2011 from http://communities. canada. com/vancouversun/blogs/realscoop/archive/2011/06/16/vancouver-p olice-want-your-riot-video-and-photos. aspx I Predict a Riot Jessi Evanoff Sociology 224 August 4th 2011

Beta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beta - Essay Example Company's (like Wal-Mart, Kmart, etc.,) security returns will also be affected. If oil price are increased in the market there will be considerable impact on other goods. Indirectly the price of other goods will rise. There is an overall risk of raising capital for firms. Whenever any entrepreneur wants to run a company/firm with low budget and high profit, entrepreneur would consider different terms of interest rate, production, long-run growth, and company debentures. A mix portfolio of 40% is invested in A + 40% of investment in B, which may earn only 7% in a good market but booms to 14% in a recession, and the other 20% in government investment G earning 4%. Portfolio Expected Return for Portfolio P: Suppose if the beta value of a company is = 1.2 the risks involved is 20% higher than the normal risk. If = 0.8 then the investment has 20% below market risk. Risks are involved in the investment market; if the potential returns are higher then potential risks involved in it are also higher. A clever investor wants his money to be doubled or at least the amount invested should return. The company that is having = 1.0 is mostly favored by the investors. More or less Wal-Mart value is just above normal market risk.

Management accounting concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management accounting concept - Essay Example Moreover, the paper will also entail the affiliation between moral hazard and decision making along with relevant information. QUESTION 1 Moral hazard is an interesting area of research in management accounting as it deals with various significant aspects concerning the perception of the managers in making effective decisions, determining disciplinary aspects and mitigating ethical issues. The area of moral hazard forecasts that the activities of the managers are hard to monitor and the compensation along with the financial decisions are linked with the performance of individual managers. It can be affirmed that moral hazards differ from one person to other based on the mental attitudes and the intention of the individuals to perform various operational functions. The moral hazards mainly occur due to the unethical practices that perform by the individuals or the managers belonging to any organization in order to attain personal along with organizational benefits. In this similar con text, moral hazard can be explained from various aspects such as a company is running in loss. In order to recover such loss, the manager of the company arranges for fire to destroy the building and claim the money from the insurance sector. This denotes the conduct of unethical practices by the manager, resulting in causing moral hazard. The decision making with regard to moral hazard may lead towards the occurrence of several disciplinary actions and also data forgery. The decision concerning data forgery, at certain times may lead towards the conduct of unethical practices by the employers towards the employees. In management accounting, decision making mainly motivates the employees to perform their respective operational functions effectively (Sprinkle and Williamson 414-448). The area concerning moral hazard is evident particularly at the time when the managers belonging to any organization acquire valuable information from the accountants regarding financial data and misinter pret those for personal gain. This practice ultimately raises the conduct of moral hazard affecting the managerial compensation level of the organizations at large. It can be affirmed that the conduct of moral hazard in the management level hinders in forecasting true and real picture of organizational performance. The area of moral hazard within the context of management accounting research is quite interesting as it can be eliminated through making effective decisions and also through following ethical principles by the stakeholders and the employees ethically. It is worth mentioning that the judgment regarding the morality of business and management is quite crucial. The area concerning moral hazard delivers significant benefits to the managers and the organization as well. In the context of management accounting research, the intention of the managers is often to adopt effective decisions without forging valuable data, resulting in motivating the employees to perform better. Thi s behavior might certainly support an organization to increase its overall performance by a certain degree (Sprinkle and Williamson 414-448). QUESTION 2 In order to determine about how the area of moral hazard could benefit the managers, it can be affirmed that it depends on the perception and the mental thought process of the managers. A manager, who is honest might work in accordance with the information provided and formulate accurate data. Moral hazard is when, the manager for his/her personal benefit forges the data provided and capitalizes on it. The managers might not take proper disclosure of policies for availing personal benefit. In this regard, moral hazard benefits the managers in terms of implementing policies that would provide them personal benefits by not